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Цитата: Сергей Шишкин от 05.02.2009 20:17
http://www.aaas.org/spp/yearbook/chap6.htm
Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science
Jane Lubchenco
Chapter 6 in AAAS Science and Technology Yearbook 1999 (?)
...
ЦитироватьIn more recent years, as funding for science has gotten tighter and other needs for funds expanded, there has been an even greater emphasis on the need for new knowledge to generate new products and processes, for example, to fuel technological advances, provide a competitive edge in the global marketplace, or develop new medical treatments.2,49 In this sense, public funding of science is often argued to be an investment that brings monetary returns. A different application of scientific knowledge is emerging as equally important in today's world: knowledge to inform policy and management decisions.4951
The latter focus on the role of science in informing decisions is emerging as one of the critical unmet needs of society at the end of the millennium.21, 49, 50 A better understanding of the likely consequences of different policy options will allow more enlightened decisions. Many of the choices facing society are moral and ethical ones, and scientific information can inform them. Science does not provide the solutions, but it can help understand the consequences of different choices. The plethora of biological, physical, chemical, social, and economic changes summarized earlier point to the myriad ways in which society's needs for scientific knowledge are changing. A wide range of studies focusing on environmental challenges all point to (i) the urgent need for improved understanding, monitoring, and evaluation to protect, manage, and restore the environment; (ii) more effective communication of existing knowledge to the public and policy arenas; (iii) the desirability of developing new technologies (manufacturing and waste reduction, for example) to minimize the ecological footprints of human activities; and (iv) better guidance about decision-making in the face of uncertainty.50,51
ЦитироватьJane Lubchenco is distinguished professor of zoology, Oregon State University. This text is modified from her Presidential Address at the AAAS Annual Meeting, February 15, 1997, Seattle, Washington. Reprinted with permission from Science, January 23, 1998, 279, pp. 491497.
Цитироватьhttp://Excellence in research and education is key in achieving sustained economic growth,
competitiveness and innovation. Universities are part of a larger ecosystem in which they
provide the intellectual capital and talent to companies, thereby stimulating growth and
innovation, which in turn attracts talent to universities and to businesses in the region. The
economic benefits of science are very real. For an average firm, 5 articles co-authored by an
academic "star" and the firms' scientists result in about 5 more products in development, 3.5
more products on the market, and 860 additional employees.7
ЦитироватьAbstract The purpose of this paper is to track changes in students' attitudes about the utility of science over the middle and high school years using data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (Miller, J. D., Hoffer, T., Suchner, R. W., Brown, K. G., and Nelson, C. (1992). LSAY code book: student, parent, and teacher data for 1992 cohort two for longitudinal years one through four (1987-1991). Northern Illinois University, Illinois. Latent variable growth modeling is the technique that was used to examine the growth in students' attitudes about the utility of science. The results of the present study show that the overall trend for students' attitudes about the utility of science is positive. This means that middle and high school students have fairly positive attitudes about the usefulness of science. It is clear from the present analysis that some of the important predictors of attitudes about the utility of science include science self-concept, teacher encouragement of science, and to a lesser extent achievement motivation and science activities. The effects of the peer and parent variables were found to be quite small and statistically nonsignificant. Also it was found that the time-invariant predictors were not statistically significant. Latent variable growth modeling allows one to examine change in attitudes and also examine the effects of time-varying and time-invariant predictors. Substantive and methodological implications of this technique are also discussed.
Цитата: Евгений Рудный от 05.02.2009 02:08
Ну, хорошо. А вот вы поняли, что конкретно предлагает делать академик Арнольд?
Цитата: Евгений Рудный от 05.02.2009 02:04
Поэтому сказать, что в Северной Корее грамотность лучше, чем в США, это на самом деле спорное утверждение. К тому же, скорее всего это правительство там говорит про поголовную грамотность, а что происходит на самом деле, никто и не знает.
Цитата: Сергей Шишкин от 04.02.2009 17:49
Интервью с Арнольдом посвящено в первую очередь "переориентации на прикладные исследования". Про школьное образование, действительно, там много говорится, и в той части я бы со многим и сам поспорил, но, как бы то ни было, вроде бы и сами американцы не считают свою систему школьного образования достаточно эффективной. Университетское образование и тем более аспирантура и система постдока - это совсем отдельный вопрос.